What is the main advantage of message passing over shared memory?
Less complex
More efficient
Requires less memory
More secure
What is a process in an operating system?
A database system
A type of hardware
A program in execution
A user interface
What is a consequence of context switching in multithreading?
Increased responsiveness
Reduced memory consumption
Overhead cost in CPU usage
Higher throughput
What type of directory structure is best suited for a system that allows for multiple users with independent directories?
Single-Level
Two-Level
Tree-Structured
Acyclic-Graph
In demand paging, a page fault occurs when:
A program is loaded into memory.
A process terminates without freeing its pages.
A page is removed from physical memory.
A reference is made to a page that is not in main memory.
What is a major drawback of kernel-level threads?
Inability to run on multiple processors
Lower scheduling flexibility
Higher overhead due to system calls
No support for concurrency
Which of the following threading models creates a thread for each process thread, thereby maximizing concurrency?
Hybrid model
Many-to-Many model
Many-to-One model
One-to-One model
Which file allocation method allows for non-contiguous disk space utilization while avoiding fragmentation?
Sequential Allocation
Linked Allocation
Indexed Allocation
Contiguous Allocation
What type of fragmentation occurs when memory is allocated and deallocated in varying sizes?
Stack Fragmentation
External Fragmentation
Internal Fragmentation
Heap Fragmentation
Which recovery method typically involves terminating one or more processes involved in the deadlock?
Process Termination
Priority Inversion
Resource Reallocation
Resource Preemption