In a tree-structured directory, how does the system ensure efficient access and management?
By storing all files in a single directory
By using flat file structures
By hierarchically organizing directories and files
By allowing multiple parent directories
What is the primary purpose of memory management in an operating system?
To provide user interfaces
To optimize the allocation and usage of memory resources
To manage the data flow between the CPU and memory
To control access to hardware devices
In demand paging, when is a page brought into memory?
When the page is allocated to a process.
When the memory is initially allocated.
When a reference to the page is made.
When the system reaches a certain load.
In the context of Memory Hierarchy, which level is typically the fastest?
Hard Disk
RAM
Cache Memory
Registers
What is the effect of context switching on system performance?
Decreases usable CPU time
Decreases task completion time
Increases memory consumption
Increases response time
In demand paging, a page fault occurs when:
A reference is made to a page that is not in main memory.
A process terminates without freeing its pages.
A page is removed from physical memory.
A program is loaded into memory.
Which type of operating system is designed to support a single user?
Real-time OS
Distributed OS
Multi-user OS
Single-user OS
What mechanism is typically employed in a file system to ensure consistency after a crash?
File Deletion
Redundant Storage
Backup and Restore
Commit Log
Which file allocation method uses a table to track the location of blocks for a file?
Indexed Allocation
Clustered Allocation
Linked Allocation
Contiguous Allocation
What is thrashing in the context of virtual memory?
Memory compaction
Excessive memory allocation
High frequency of page faults
Memory leaks