What is a primary advantage of using bitmaps for free space management in file systems?
Increased complexity
Fast allocation and deallocation
Fixed allocation size
Reduced memory footprint
In a tree-structured directory, how does the system ensure efficient access and management?
By allowing multiple parent directories
By hierarchically organizing directories and files
By storing all files in a single directory
By using flat file structures
Which scheduling algorithm is characterized by assigning a fixed time slice to each process?
First-Come, First-Served (FCFS)
Priority Scheduling
Round Robin (RR)
Shortest Job Next (SJN)
What type of directory structure is best suited for a system that allows for multiple users with independent directories?
Tree-Structured
Two-Level
Acyclic-Graph
Single-Level
Which algorithm is considered optimal among page replacement algorithms?
Random Page Replacement
First In First Out (FIFO)
Least Recently Used (LRU)
Optimal Page Replacement
Which of the following describes the 'Ready' state of a process?
Waiting for I/O operation
Ready to execute when CPU is available
Currently executing on CPU
Terminated and exiting
What is the primary benefit of virtual memory?
Reduces physical memory usage
Increases the speed of RAM
Allows processes to use more memory than physically available
Eliminates fragmentation completely
In which process state is a process waiting for some event (like I/O completion)?
Ready
Blocked
Running
Terminated
Which of the following statements best distinguishes containers from virtual machines?
Containers are less portable than VMs across different hardware.
Containers encapsulate the entire operating system, while VMs share the host OS.
Containers are lightweight and share the host kernel, while VMs emulate entire hardware environments.
Containers require more system resources than VMs.
In which type of operating system structure do minimal services exist in the kernel while other services run as user-level processes?
Microkernel
Monolithic
Hybrid
Layered