What is the main disadvantage of Shortest Job Next (SJN) scheduling?
Starvation of longer processes
Complexity of implementation
Require more system resources
Increased turnaround time
What is a characteristic of a Distributed Operating System?
It physically shares resources among multiple machines
It can only run on one machine
It is primarily used for mobile devices
It relies solely on local storage
What is shared memory in IPC?
A type of disk cache
Memory accessible by multiple processes
Data stored on a disk
Memory allocated for a single process
What is the primary purpose of memory management in an operating system?
To optimize the allocation and usage of memory resources
To provide user interfaces
To control access to hardware devices
To manage the data flow between the CPU and memory
What does context switching refer to in operating systems?
Switching between different types of software.
Saving and restoring process states.
Switching between different security levels.
Switching the process state from running to ready.
In the layered structure of an operating system, what is the role of the bottom layer?
Hardware interface
Middleware services
Network protocols
User applications
What type of fragmentation occurs when memory is allocated and deallocated in varying sizes?
External Fragmentation
Heap Fragmentation
Stack Fragmentation
Internal Fragmentation
Which method of free space management uses a contiguous array of bits to symbolize free and occupied blocks?
Bitmaps
Grouping
B-trees
Linked Lists
In CPU scheduling, which criterion primarily focuses on minimizing the average time a process waits in the queue before execution?
Response Time
Turnaround Time
Waiting Time
Throughput
In a two-level directory structure, how is the user directory stored?
It is stored as a sub-directory of a master directory.
It is maintained in a separate file system.
It is not represented in this structure.
It is stored directly at the root level.